Spend-based vs activity-based emissions 

Spend-based emissions: A method of estimating emissions by using the monetary amount spent on goods and services, applying average emission factors for specific sectors or products purchased. This approach is often used when detailed data on specific activities is unavailable, but it may be less precise than activity-based calculations. 

Activity-based emissions: A method of calculating emissions based on specific activities or operational metrics, such as energy consumption, transportation or the number of products manufactured. This approach provides more accurate emissions estimates by directly linking emissions to the activities that cause them.