Life cycle assessment (LCA) 

A systematic method for evaluating the environmental impact of a product or service across all stages of its life cycle – from raw material extraction and production to distribution, use and disposal. LCA helps identify areas where environmental impacts can be minimised, supporting more sustainable design, manufacturing and consumption practices. It is commonly used to assess a product’s carbon footprint, water usage and overall environmental performance, both informing corporate sustainability strategies and facilitating regulatory compliance.